Brain oscillations occur during neural processes that are relevant for memory and using different approaches to drive these brain waves demonstrates a direct link to improving memory.

Neuroscientists at the University of Birmingham have reviewed research in the field and conclude that memory performance can be improved by rhythmic neural stimulation or ‘entrainment’ – using a range of invasive and non-invasive techniques.

Working with partners at Ruhr University Bochum, in Germany and Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, USA, they published their findings in a review article for the journal Trends in Neurosciences.

Dr Simon Hanslmayr, from the University of Birmingham’s Centre for Human Brain Health, commented: “We can modulate memory performance via rhythmic neural stimulation, which can be as simple as flickering a light at a particular rhythm which then is followed by neurons in the brain."

“Much more research will be required, but it seems clear that driving brain rhythms in such a way is a promising tool for improving memory – both for healthy people and for patients suffering from conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease.”

Brain waves can be controlled in a number of ways. They can be modulated using sounds and images, as well as non-invasive electrical and electro-magnetic oscillations. Neural oscillations can also be controlled using deep-brain electrical stimulation.

The researchers note that brain oscillations act on specific neural mechanisms affecting the formation, maintenance, consolidation and retrieval of memories. Investigating how these mechanisms are affected by brain oscillations will be vital in developing effective treatments of memory-related disorders.